Magento 2 API – Beginners Guide for API development

Magento 2 API – Today we are going to learn how to create rest based API for Magento 2.

I have worked on Magento 1 and found it very difficult to create a rest webAPI.

But as I was expecting Magento 2 has a very easy way to define your API resources for the module, specially defining routes for Magento API integration.

Also, check how to create GraphQL API in Adobe Commerce

To create a rest API there are some certain requirements for Magento API integration :

you need to create an interface in your module’s API folder.
then you need to define all the API methods that you want to expose to the web in the interface.
all the methods should have a doc-block.
in the doc-block @api must be defined
if your method expects parameters than all the parameters must be defined in the doc-block as @params <type> <param> <description>
return type of the method must be defined as @return <type> <description>
concrete class of the method must be defined and it should give the definition of all the API methods and should inherit the doc-block.

If your API method do not met any of the above requirements then rest API will not work for magento 2 integration API.

Now, for an example lets create a test module named Webkul_TestApi for better understanding :

create your module composer.json, registration.php and module.xml files:

<?php
/**
* Webkul Software.
*
* @category Webkul_MpApi
*
* @author Webkul
* @copyright Copyright (c) Webkul Software Private Limited (https://webkul.com)
* @license https://store.webkul.com/license.html
*/
\Magento\Framework\Component\ComponentRegistrar::register(
    \Magento\Framework\Component\ComponentRegistrar::MODULE,
    'Webkul_TestApi',
    __DIR__
);

Explain Code

{
    "name": "webkul/marketplace-api",
    "description": "Marketplace api for magento2",
    "require": {
        "php": "~5.5.0|~5.6.0|~7.0.0",
        "magento/module-config": "100.0.*",
        "magento/module-store": "100.0.*",
        "magento/module-checkout": "100.0.*",
        "magento/module-catalog": "100.0.*",
        "magento/module-sales": "100.0.*",
        "magento/module-customer": "100.0.*",
        "magento/module-payment": "100.0.*",
        "magento/module-quote": "100.0.*",
        "magento/module-backend": "100.0.*",
        "magento/module-directory": "100.0.*",
        "magento/module-theme": "100.0.*",
        "magento/framework": "100.0.*"
        
    },
    "type": "magento2-module",
    "version": "2.0.0",
    "license": [
        "proprietary"
    ],
    "autoload": {
        "files": [
            "registration.php"
        ],
        "psr-4": {
            "Webkul\\TestApi\\": ""
        }
    }
}

Explain Code

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<config xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="urn:magento:framework:Module/etc/module.xsd">
    <module name="Webkul_TestApi" />
</config>

Explain Code

Now create TestApiManagementInterface.php file in app/code/Webkul/TestApi/Api/ folder:

<?php
namespace Webkul\TestApi\Api;
interface TestApiManagementInterface
{
    /**
     * get test Api data.
     *
     * @api
     *
     * @param int $id
     *
     * @return \Webkul\TestApi\Api\Data\TestApiInterface
     */
    public function getApiData($id);
}

Explain Code

the above will define all the api methods you want to expose, all these methods must have doc-block defined with @api, @param and @return else it will not work for Magento 2 integration API.

Now create TestApiManagementInterface implementation file in app/code/Webkul/TestApi/Model/Api folder:

<?php
namespace Webkul\TestApi\Model\Api;
class TestApiManagement implements \Webkul\TestApi\Api\TestApiManagementInterface
{
    const SEVERE_ERROR = 0;
    const SUCCESS = 1;
    const LOCAL_ERROR = 2;
    protected $_testApiFactory;
    public function __construct(
        \Webkul\TestApi\Model\TestApiFactory $testApiFactory
    ) {
        $this->_testApiFactory = $testApiFactory;
    }
    /**
     * get test Api data.
     *
     * @api
     *
     * @param int $id
     *
     * @return \Webkul\TestApi\Api\Data\TestApiInterface
     */
    public function getApiData($id)
    {
        try {
            $model = $this->_testApiFactory
                ->create();
            if (!$model->getId()) {
                throw new \Magento\Framework\Exception\LocalizedException(
                    __('no data found')
                );
            }
            return $model;
        } catch (\Magento\Framework\Exception\LocalizedException $e) {
            $returnArray['error'] = $e->getMessage();
            $returnArray['status'] = 0;
            $this->getJsonResponse(
                $returnArray
            );
        } catch (\Exception $e) {
            $this->createLog($e);
            $returnArray['error'] = __('unable to process request');
            $returnArray['status'] = 2;
            $this->getJsonResponse(
                $returnArray
            );
        }
    }
}

Explain Code

the above class is the implementation of the interface as you can see I have only created one method getApiData as it is defined in the interface its return type is \Webkul\TestApi\Api\Data\TestApiInterface class

So now we have to create this class and its implementation too for api for magento 2.

Now create a model TestApi.php inside app/code/Webkul/TestApi/Model, this is a fake model it is not connected to any table since its only for testing purpose, I have just defined some setters and getters for some fields.

<?php
namespace Webkul\TestApi\Model;
/**
 * Marketplace Product Model.
 *
 * @method \Webkul\Marketplace\Model\ResourceModel\Product _getResource()
 * @method \Webkul\Marketplace\Model\ResourceModel\Product getResource()
 */
class TestApi  implements \Webkul\TestApi\Api\Data\TestApiInterface
{
    /**
     * Get ID.
     *
     * @return int
     */
    public function getId()
    {
        return 10;
    }
    /**
     * Set ID.
     *
     * @param int $id
     *
     * @return \Webkul\Marketplace\Api\Data\ProductInterface
     */
    public function setId($id)
    {
    }
    /**
     * Get title.
     *
     * @return string|null
     */
    public function getTitle()
    {
        return 'this is test title';
    }
    /**
     * Set title.
     *
     * @param string $title
     *
     * @return \Webkul\Marketplace\Api\Data\ProductInterface
     */
    public function setTitle($title)
    {
    }
    /**
     * Get desc.
     *
     * @return string|null
     */
    public function getDescription()
    {
        return 'this is test api description';
    }
    /**
     * Set Desc.
     *
     * @param string $desc
     *
     * @return \Webkul\Marketplace\Api\Data\ProductInterface
     */
    public function setDescription($desc)
    {
    }
}

Explain Code

the above class has getTitle, getDescription and getId so we must expect that api for magento 2 will return these values in the response.

Now create the interface class for the above implementation in app/code/Webkul/TestApi/Api/Data.

<?php
/**
 * Webkul Software.
 *
 * @category  Webkul
 *
 * @author    Webkul
 * @copyright Copyright (c) Webkul Software Private Limited (https://webkul.com)
 * @license   https://store.webkul.com/license.html
 */
namespace Webkul\TestApi\Api\Data;
/**
 * Marketplace product interface.
 *
 * @api
 */
interface TestApiInterface
{
    /**#@+
     * Constants for keys of data array. Identical to the name of the getter in snake case
     */
    const ENTITY_ID = 'entity_id';
    const TITLE = 'title';
    const DESC = 'description';
    /**#@-*/
    /**
     * Get ID.
     *
     * @return int|null
     */
    public function getId();
    /**
     * Set ID.
     *
     * @param int $id
     *
     * @return \Webkul\Marketplace\Api\Data\ProductInterface
     */
    public function setId($id);
    /**
     * Get title.
     *
     * @return string|null
     */
    public function getTitle();
    /**
     * Set title.
     *
     * @param string $title
     *
     * @return \Webkul\Marketplace\Api\Data\ProductInterface
     */
    public function setTitle($title);
    /**
     * Get desc.
     *
     * @return string|null
     */
    public function getDescription();
    /**
     * Set Desc.
     *
     * @param string $desc
     *
     * @return \Webkul\Marketplace\Api\Data\ProductInterface
     */
    public function setDescription($desc);
}

Explain Code

Now You need to create “app/code/Webkul/TestApi/etc/di.xml” file to map interfaces with the concrete classes:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<config xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="urn:magento:framework:ObjectManager/etc/config.xsd">
  <preference for="Webkul\TestApi\Api\TestApiManagementInterface" type="Webkul\TestApi\Model\Api\TestApiManagement" />
    <preference for="Webkul\TestApi\Api\Data\TestApiInterface" type="Webkul\TestApi\Model\TestApi" />
</config>

Explain Code

Now create a webapi.xml file inside app/code/Webkul/TestApi/etc folder:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<routes xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
        xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="urn:magento:module:Magento_Webapi:etc/webapi.xsd">
    <!-- test api Group -->
    <route url="/V1/testapi/custom/me" method="GET">
        <service class="Webkul\TestApi\Api\TestApiManagementInterface" method="getApiData"/>
        <resources>
            <resource ref="self"/>
        </resources>
        <data>
            <parameter name="id" force="true">%customer_id%</parameter>
        </data>
    </route>
</routes>

Explain Code

the above xml file defines the routes and their permissions.

The route tag attributes:

attribute url defines the route for the web service
attribute method defines the request type GET,PUT,POST or DELETE

Now the service tag attributes:

class attribute is the interface class that defines the api methods.
service attribute defines the exposed method

now the resource tag defines the access control these can be three level of access:

Admin : for admin level access you need to define admin resource in the resource tag.
Customer: for customer level access you need to set self in the resource.
Guest: for guest level resources you need to define anonymous in the resource tag.
I have defined self so this resource will work for customer level access.

Originally Published: https://webkul.com/blog/magento2-custom-rest-api/

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